Posterior calcaneal spur ( Haglund exostosis): heel painĭiagnosis and treatment of foot deformities.Often an incidental radiographic finding in patients with plantar fasciitis, but also in asymptomatic patients.Risk factors: abnormal strain, obesity, foot deformities.Orthotics that support the ball of the foot.X-ray: splaying of the metatarsal bones.Morton neuroma: shooting pain between the 3 rd and 4 th metatarsal head.Metatarsalgia: pain in the metatarsal joints II–IV.Manipulative treatment immediately after birth.For severe cases (rigid deformity, passive correction impossible): casting.Most common cause of in-toeing in children 95% of cases within the first 18 months of life.X-ray : increased angle between the 1 st and 2 nd metatarsal bones.Differential diagnosis of in-toeing: internal tibial torsion, femoral antetorsion.Idiopathic but associated with hip dysplasia.If conservative measures are unsuccessful: surgical correction.Unilateral equinus → leg length discrepancy.If manual repositioning is unsuccessful: surgical release of contractures and correction of bone alignment.Manual repositioning and serial casting.

X-ray (can confirm clinical diagnosis): long axis of talus and calcaneus are parallel.Clinical diagnosis (prenatal detection via ultrasound possible).Deformity: foot points downwards and inwards.Dominant posterior musculature, especially tibialis posterior, weak peroneus muscles.Differential diagnosis: postural clubfoot.

Acquired flat foot